Thursday, July 26, 2018
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Monday, July 2, 2018
"America Is Just Like Nazi Germany!" The Anatomy of a Liberal Social Media Panic
"America
Is Just Like Nazi Germany!"
The
Anatomy of a Liberal Social Media Moral Panic
After
25 years online, I am trying to understand social media moral panics. Comparing
and contrasting liberal social media panics with Jewish and Christians rituals
may provide some insight.
People
want to create. People also want to destroy. The human urge to destroy is dangerous,
so societies channel it into controlled ritual. Ritual sacrifice is one form of
socially mediated destruction. In Genesis, Abraham and his wife Sarah grow old without
children. Children are essential to traditional people. God promises Abraham a
son. Sarah finally gives birth to Isaac. God orders Abraham to sacrifice Isaac.
How
to understand such a harsh tale? Abraham is widely considered to be the first
historical Jew. As the first, he is the one to establish precedent by breaking with
the past and founding new ways. Abraham came from Ur, where human sacrifice was practiced. He traveled to Canaan,
and was surrounded by practitioners of child sacrifice. The Bible is rife with emphatic condemnations of this child sacrifice. When God
commanded Abraham to sacrifice Isaac, God was not suddenly reversing his
position. Rather, he was asking Abraham, "Are you willing to surrender
what you most cherish to your relationship with me?" God couldn't ask Abraham
for his Maserati, his 401K, or his dreams of Hollywood, because traditional
people don't have those cherished possessions or ambitions. God was telling
Abraham, and the reader, that we may be required to surrender everything to our
relationship with God. After Abraham agrees to sacrifice Isaac, God explains
that Isaac's sacrifice is not to take place. Thus Abraham broke with his natal
culture of Ur, and the surrounding Canaanite culture of child sacrifice. God
offered Abraham a ram. Abraham thus established the Jewish practice of animal,
not human, sacrifice. Requirements for a Jewish sacrifice are rigid and
complex. See Leviticus 1, here. Judaism strictly inhibits and prescribes the human urge
to destroy. After the Roman destruction of the temple in Jerusalem in 70 AD,
Jews could no longer perform animal sacrifice. Some Jews interpret circumcision as a "part for the
whole" sacrifice
to God.
Catholics
are required to attend mass weekly. The central ritual of Catholic mass is a
re-enactment of Jesus' sacrificial death on the cross, and the apostles
drinking of wine and eating of bread that stand in for Jesus' flesh and blood.
Sacrifice
is not the only ritual of destruction. Jews and Christians are both called upon
to seek out what is unacceptable in themselves, to eliminate it, and to
rededicate themselves to their values. Maimonides outlined three stages for a Jewish
confession: verbal acknowledgement of sin, remorse over that sin, and a
commitment to renewal for the future. For Catholics, confession to a priest is
a necessary sacrament.
The
values Jews and Christians rededicate themselves to involve service to others.
Jews and Christians must participate with God in nurturing God's creation. Jews
commit to tikkun olam. Christians must tend to the needy, as described in
Matthew 25:35-36. Neither Jews nor Christians are adjured to, or believe that
they can, save the world. They acknowledge a Higher Power and their own
humility. Both Judaism and Christianity honor do-able, small deeds. Jesus praises
a widow who donates a small coin, the so-called "widow's mite."
Judaism cherishes the Lamed Vav Tzadikim, or 36 righteous saints. These saints,
who are both utterly humble and completely anonymous, by living their quiet
days in accord with God's commandments, keep the world turning. Indeed, the
Talmud states that to save just one life is to save the entire world.
Finally,
both Jews and Christians profess creeds. Neither the Shema nor the Apostle's
creed prescribe hatred
for, or exclusion of, any person or group.
Yes,
apparently, humans need, want, and benefit from carefully choreographed destruction.
Rituals that meet this need involve blood-letting, real or symbolic, the
rejection of the tainted, the reaffirmation of community norms, and public
declarations of faith.
In
lieu of these rituals, my social media contacts practice moral panics. It works
like this. Bob posts poetry. Betty posts photos of her garden, videos of her gamboling
dogs, and pictures of her dinner along with recipes. Liz posts updates on her
genealogical research. Roger posts his award-winning photos of scenic spots
around the world. All is well in Facebook-land.
Roseanne
Barr tweets a crude insult about Valerie Jarret. White nationalists march in
Charlottesville, Virginia. Jack Phillips declines to accept a commission to
design a cake for a same-sex wedding. North Carolina says that biological males
must use restrooms set aside for males. Israel shoots arsonists targeting
farmland with wind-borne incendiary devices. The Trump Administration decides
to adhere to the letter of the law regarding illegal immigrants.
It's
as if someone pressed a button. Mammatus clouds blot out the sun. Ominous pipe
organ music crashes. Bats stream across skies of lurid orange and purple. Goodbye
to cute puppy photos! No more flowers! It's a social media panic! Caps lock on!
Blood is about to flow. The creed will be re-consecrated. True believers will
rededicate themselves to community values. The unclean will be exorcised. The
tribe will emerge tight as a phalanx and unwaveringly orthodox.
Social
media moral panics share many of the following features.
THEATRICALITY.
Social media panics are highly theatrical in many ways. They appear to exhibit
ORCHESTRATION. Posts appear, like starlings in a murmuration, to be deployed by
an unseen hand. Every one of my liberal contacts, from southern California to
northern Maine, from heartland Indiana to beachfront Hawaii, spontaneously
belches forth sulfur as if fed by the exact same underground lava flow. One
candidate for the unseen hand manipulating the masses like so many marionettes
is cable TV. If CNN or MSNBC needs a panic, it incites one.
Posts
rapidly increase in number and ferocity. Betty, rather than posting once or
twice a day, posts ten times in rapid succession. She usually uses words like
"puppy," "hydrangea," and "corn bread recipe." Suddenly
she is using words like "genocide," "fascist" and
"torture." Participants themselves do step in to attempt
orchestration. They say to each other, "Please don't post any jokes or
cute cat videos today. Frivolity is inappropriate given that children are being
tortured … Christian Nazis are persecuting transgendered people seeking relief
in a public restroom … Roseanne is bringing back slavery days."
Social
media panics generally last, like the common cold, a week to ten days. After
they have crested and are reaching their denouement, participants, again,
attempt to orchestrate their extinction. "We've all been ravaged by recent
news. We owe it to ourselves to feed our souls a bit. Let's everyone post
something uplifting." And, so, recipes begin to appear again, along with
cute puppy and kitten videos, photographic records of craft projects, and
photos of nature scenes.
TIMELESSNESS.
One of the most important tasks that rituals perform is the structuring of
time. During a rite of passage, a child becomes an adult. Thus, the passage of time
from the past to the future is emphasized. But a rite of passage also defies
time. The child undergoes the exact same rite undergone by his father, and his
grandfather, stretching back through the mists of history.
Just
so with social media rituals. Years ago, the social media panic prompt was
alleged American "Islamophobia" in the wake of 9-11. Today the prompt
is immigration policy regarding children. But all the rituals are the same in
that they all freeze and defy time.
Just
as in a play, when performers temporarily adopt costumes, scripts, and
personas, those involved in social media panics temporarily adopt others' pain
as fodder for their performance. Immigrants are fleeing poor economic
conditions and gang violence in Central America. Numerous American charitable
concerns have been involved in Central America for decades. As far as I know, none
of my Facebook friends who are now wailing and gnashing their teeth over
Central Americans have previously posted a word about Central America. None has
ever previously mentioned supporting, either through donations or labor, any of
the groups working to make Central America a better place. It is safe to say
that after this panic passes, they will rarely if ever mention Central America
or its long-suffering populations again. Thus, the topic of the panic changes,
but the panic, like all rituals, remains essentially the same.
The
language of the panic is HISTRIONIC. Peter Fonda tweeted, "We should rip
Barron Trump from his mother’s arms and put him in a cage with pedophiles."
Barron Trump is twelve years old. After George Zimmerman was acquitted, one of
my Facebook contacts, a mild-mannered, roly-poly comic book artist, said that
he wanted to give Zimmerman a "Drano enema." In the wake of the Trump
administration's child separation, one of my Facebook contacts has daily
accused Trump of "torturing children." He has also called anyone who
supports the Trump administration "Satanic." He insists that
facilities to house immigrants are exactly like Dachau. I'm not sure why he
didn't go with the more famous camp, Auschwitz. Possibly because
"Auschwitz" is harder to spell.
After
the word "Hitler" begins to wear thin, posters go down the hierarchy:
Goebbels, Himmler, Eichmann, Speer. Just this morning I found, in my Facebook
feed, a Mike Luckovich cartoon featuring the Nazi Mount Rushmore:
Hitler, Himmler, Goebbels, and Goering. Luckovich's cartoon equates White House
press secretary Sarah Sanders with Joseph Goebbels. Such cheap Nazi analogies
are the moral equivalent of Holocaust denial. The Holocaust exists, to panic
participants, only to serve their need to get attention.
SCRIPTED.
No matter what the topic of the latest wave of hysteria, the DEMON is always
the same: Americans, Christians, Western Civilization, white people, men,
Republicans, Southerners, and Israel. As reliably as Bond or comic-book-superhero-movie
villains, these demons plot to destroy the world. Bwa ha ha.
Jews
and Christians acknowledge that sin resides within each human heart. Thus the
need for self-examination, confession, and renewal. Panic participants do not
acknowledge any sin in their own hearts, or any need for self-examination,
confession, or renewal. Their CREED recites hatred against, and the necessary
destruction of, their chosen demons. America is a racist hellhole. Christianity
is an oppressive, irrational monstrosity. Western Civilization is a wasteland
of shame. Southerners are white trash rednecks. Israel is an apartheid state.
Anything that the archdemon, the heterosexual, Christian, American white man
has achieved or thought or innovated, he stole from an oppressed person of
color.
To
Christians, original sin is rebellion against God. We are all guilty. To panic
participants, racism is the original sin and only the designated demons are
guilty of it. Even the transgendered bathroom debates involved accusations of
racism. People who want to prevent biological males from using the same facilities
as vulnerable little girls are accused of being "racist." "Racist"
is the worst insult imaginable, and so it is furiously hurled no matter the
panic du jour.
Because
panics must always pillory the same demons as being guilty of the same sin, that
is, the sin of racism, panics are highly SELECTIVE. I have never seen
atrocities committed against Christians qua Christians or Americans qua
Americans prompt a panic.
In
April, 2013, Muslim terrorists bombed the Boston Marathon. In a photo, one can see Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, after
he placed his backpack bomb right next to Martin Richard, an eight-year-old
Catholic schoolboy. Martin can be seen in a photo online, carrying a handmade poster that reads,
"No more hurting people. Peace." Tsarnaev murdered this child, and
others, because, as he himself wrote, according to the Koran 61:10-12, murder of
non-Muslims guaranteed him a place "among all the righteous people in the
highest levels of heaven." In court, Dr. Henry Nields provided intimate
details about exactly
what Tsarnaev's bomb did to little Martin's body, and the
"overwhelming" pain Martin felt before he bled to death. Participants
in the current immigration panic post much about children's welfare. None of
them said a word, not on my Facebook page, at least, in 2013 after the death of
Martin Richard.
I
have never seen a panic prompted by atrocities committed by non-Christian,
non-Westerners against other non-Christian, non-Westerners. Communist,
officially atheist, traditionally Confucian China puts Muslims in re-education camps. Muslims are forced, against their religious beliefs,
to dance, and publicly
to declare, "Our income comes from the Communist Party, not Allah." My
Facebook contacts show no sign of caring.
Buddhist
Burmese commit ethnic cleansing against Rohingya Muslims. Not a peep. According
to an April, 2018 report in the New York Times, Hindu men in northern India kidnapped
an eight-year-old Muslim girl, committed unspeakable atrocities against her,
including gang rape, and murdered her. I saw no evidence that any of my social
media contacts were even aware that this occurred. One panic participant plays
audio of immigrant children crying. This murdered girl's cries are inaudible to
panic participants.
In
2012, Kassim Alhimidi beat his wife, Shaima Alawadi, to death in their California
home. He insisted that Islamophobes murdered her. The Alawadi murder was piggybacked
with the Trayvon Martin shooting. Linda Sarsour published "My Hijab is My Hoodie." Non-Muslim women donned hijabs and
posted their photos online as part of Facebook's "One Million Hijabs for Shaima Alawadi." "Women Worldwide of All Faiths Post
Pictures of Themselves in Headscarves After Race Hate Murder" shouted the Daily Mail. After a
trial revealed that Alawadi was beaten to death by her husband, there was no
social media panic protesting honor killing or Koran verse 4:34 that advises
husbands to beat their wives.
On
Wednesday, June 20, 2018, at the height of the immigration panic, Lesandro
Guzman–Feliz was dragged from a bodega in the Bronx and stabbed to death in the
street. His assailants used a machete and other knives. Guzman-Feliz was a good
kid, actively pursuing, through the Explorers program for high school students,
a career as a police officer. His attackers were members of a Dominican street
gang known as the Trinitarios. Video of their atrocity appeared online.
Community members expressed despair that bystanders did not intervene. Six of the suspects in the murder were
arrested in Paterson, New Jersey, my city.
I
posted about Lesandro's murder, and his grieving mother, and other gang-related
killings, like the 2007 Newark Schoolyard Shootings. Terrance and Natasha
Aeriel, Iofemi Hightower, Dashon Harvey, all good, African American kids, were
shot by MS 13 gang members in a schoolyard in Newark. I was teaching in Newark
at the time. I remember the palpable tension between Blacks and Hispanics on
the public buses I took to and from work. I invited those involved in the immigration
panic to mourn, with me, for Iofemi Hightower and Lesandro Guzman-Feliz. I
invited them to consider how their feelings might differ if they lived in
neighborhoods where gang murders occurred. None responded.
DIVORCE
FROM OBJECTIVE REALITY. Perhaps the surest proof that the social media panic is
a ritualized behavior is its theatrical divorce from objective reality. One
would think that those engaged in the panic would focus on changing laws,
taking up a collection, or volunteering to contribute to others alleviating the
human suffering in question. In fact I have never seen, among my own contacts,
a social media panic that involved any of these actions. No donations, no
volunteering, no petitioning of elected officials. Hundreds of people are
focused on problem X, and, during the social media panic, anyway, none of them
does a thing to address the real-world aspects of problem X.
In
fact, efforts to alleviate wrong are mocked as a drop in the bucket. Again,
Jews and Christians are to "walk
humbly with your God."
We are not in charge; God is. We can't save the world, but we can donate a
small coin, as did the widow. Panic participants reject such efforts as
insignificant. The entire edifice must be brought down.
This divorce
from objective reality is most obvious to me when it comes to panics involving
race. My most fervent social media contacts on race are white liberals who have
chosen to live not only in towns with few to no Black residents, they often
live in states with few to no Black residents. I've known Chet for over a
decade. I've never seen him talk to a Black person. I've never seen a photo on
his walls of a Black person. He hosts parties with dozens of guests, none of
them Black. He has no idea who Shelby Steele is, or any other Black
conservative. Chet is certain that America is a white supremacist hellhole, and
that only the ushering in of socialism will change that.
I've
known Igor, a curmudgeon, for a quarter of a century. Igor does not give
dollars to bums; he does not send sympathy cards to bereaved friends; he does
not pet dogs; he does not wish anyone "Merry Christmas," though he
will say "Happy Holidays" if it will piss someone off. I'm not sure
he's ever managed to utter two sentences together without a reference to
himself.
Igor
is one of the most enthusiastic participants in social media panics that I
know. The interesting part is not what occurs in his posts; they are boilerplate.
"Christians are hypocrites; America is Nazi Germany; my heart bleeds, it
bleeds, I tell you, for these poor people of color / immigrants /
transsexuals." He's been posting the same script for twenty-five years.
Rather, it's the replies that make you sit up and take notice. Igor's hundreds
of fans applaud him. "Igor, you are compassionate / empathetic / sensitive
/ kind / woke." Social media panics, like all theatrical productions,
demand OSTENTATIOUS DISPLAY and APPLAUSE.
Panics
are also divorced from objective reality in that they are often based on a
dubious body of alleged facts. This is nowhere more the case than in the immigration
panic. As even mainstream media has pointed out, every feature of the current
panic has existed, in greater or lesser form, under previous administrations. In June, 2018, CNN's Brooke Baldwin said to US
Senator Tammy Baldwin, "So many people in this country are certainly
outraged by the cages, the thermal blankets, and the facilities housing these
kids. You know, they were all there in 2014 under President Obama. And my
question to you, Senator Baldwin, did you speak up against them then?" Senator
Baldwin never replied.
Also
in June, 2018, Rachel Maddow melodramatically broke into tears when
reporting what she insisted was "new news" just "broken by the
Associated Press" that young children were placed in "tender age
shelters." This isn't new. "Tender age" was terminology used during the Obama
administration. Further,
as The Federalist pointed out, in 2105, 21,000 children
were separated from parents who had committed crimes. There was no panic that
year over those separations. In 2014, the Brookings Institution wrote of 47,000 Central American
children who entered the US without any adult. No panic in 2014 condemned the
parents who tossed their own children away. I wonder if Rachel Maddow cried
when covering what Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's heaven-earning bomb did to Martin
Richard's little body. I wonder if she even covered that victimized American child
at all.
Perhaps
the most Orwellian fabrication of the immigration panic was the exploitation
and misrepresentation of the suffering of Yanela Hernandez, the toddler
featured on TIME's cover as emblematic of children separated from parents.
Yanela's father, Denis Javier Varela Hernandez, a port captain, alleged that his wife Sandra, against his
wishes, abandoned him and her three other children, paid a coyote six thousand
dollars, and attempted to enter America illegally because "she always
wanted to experience the American dream." US Border Patrol Agent Carlos Ruiz, who does not in any way resemble
Heinrich Himmler, strikes the viewer as a kindly, concerned, Hispanic man. In
his CBS This Morning interview, he described his own responsible and
compassionate behavior toward this child, whose mother has abused her as a human
shield to facilitate her breaking the law.
In
fact, though, the entire social media panic over immigration policy is based on
absurdity. Participants insist that America is the equivalent of Nazi Germany,
and that Donald Trump is the equivalent of Adolf Hitler. They insist that
America is racist and that racist America "destroys Black bodies," in
the words of lefty darling Ta-Nahisi Coates. And then they go on to insist that the
only salvation for Central American immigrants is to be admitted into the racist,
sexist, United States, thus, to any rational mind, undermining their beloved
Nazi analogies. Can you imagine anyone in 1939 insisting that Jews must be
admitted into Nazi Germany? "If America’s so evil, why does the left
think immigrants keep coming?"
Heather MacDonald asked in the New York
Post.
DESTRUCTION
RATHER THAN CREATION. These panics always invoke destruction of their stock
demons as cure. This focus on destruction is related to the participants'
rejection of the Judeo-Christian emphasis on self-examination, confession of
sin, and rededication to participation in God's plan of salvation through
humble service. Panic participants do not examine themselves. They are utterly
unaware of their own hypocrisy, their own unthinking, trance-like
theatricality. Rather, they scrutinize their chosen demons, obsessively seeking
evidence of their cherished sins: racism, sexism, homophobia. Unlike Jews and
Christians, who examine themselves, confess their sins, and rededicate
themselves to obedient service to God and their fellow humans, panic
participants do not serve. They do not feed the hungry, or cloth the naked.
Their underlying assumption, expressed or not, is that such acts are a waste of
time. Western Civilization is hopelessly corrupt. The widow donating her tiny
coin, the Lamed Vov Tzadikam's humble and anonymous adherence to God's law, are
worse than useless. What is needed is a violent revolution that will take down
the entire corrupt edifice of Western Civilization.
During
the immigration panic, I repeatedly pointed out that Maryknoll and other Christian organizations have
been working in Central America for years. Indeed, not a few martyrs have given
their lives to such work. See, for example, Sister Maura Clarke and her companions. Aid organizations accept donations,
and they offer many volunteer opportunities for persons eager to help Central
Americans. I mentioned Father Gregory J Boyle, whose Homeboy
Industries helps
rehabilitate former gang members. These posts were, for the most part, ignored.
The
POLITICAL SYSTEM of a social media panic is ONE-PARTY RULE. Its ECONOMICS are
MONOPOLISTIC. The contested COMMODITY is VIRTUE. Only one side may lay claim to
it. The THEOLOGY of a social media panic is MANICHAEAN. Those involved in the
moral panic are virtuous. Participants flamboyantly display their commitment to
orthodoxy, and, thus virtue. Public declarations of the CREED are as loud and
repetitive as the fall of a hammer in a blacksmith's shop. There is no such
thing as one's private conscience during a panic. One must be seen to be
declaring the creed, loudly, repetitively, in lockstep.
Gad Saad observed that during the 2018 immigration
panic, UNESCO tweeted the phrase "No human being is illegal"
ten times. Saad said that anyone who uses simple repetition to make a point is
the intellectual equivalent of a kindergartner. UNESCO is a piker. I have
Facebook friends who have posted dozens of times that Trump's America is the
equivalent of Nazi Germany.
Those
who do not make public declarations of fealty to orthodoxy are accused and
purged. As one of my social media contacts put it, anyone who disagreed with
him about immigration is "Satanic." Any solution to the problem at
hand can come only from the only virtuous side. There can be no negotiation, no
compromise, no listening to one's opponent.
The
heterodox are purged. Normally grandmotherly Betty issues fiats. "If you
agree with ___, you are not fit to associate with. Your exposing me to your
toxic bigotry poisons my world. I have a chronic illness, and just reading your
posts worsens my symptoms. I am an open-minded, caring, empathetic, nurturing
person, and I'd like nothing more than to invite all my Facebook friends over
for a big meal of my special, homemade jambalaya, but I will not allow haters
on my page. Please remove yourself, or I will unfriend you."
Those
who refuse to repeat the creed are challenged. Example: "If you don't
agree that Roseanne's post is racist, and is part of systematic, structural
oppression of Black people in this country, unfriend me right now." During
the Charlottesville social media panic, I received negative feedback because I
refused to sign on with the phrase that "Charlottesville is the world
epicenter of hate." "What about ISIS-controlled territory? North
Korea? The caste system?" I asked. I was unfriended and blocked by two men
because I recommended that we attempt to understand, and initiate dialogue
with, white nationalists, rather than to demonize and ostracize these men who
are, like it or not, our fellow citizens. In 2014, the Pew Research Center reported that liberals are more likely
to unfriend someone because that person's political views differ from their
own.
David
Horowitz, a former leftist, has written, "Tainting and ostracism of
sinners is in fact the secret power of the leftist faith … This spectacle … is
a warning to others not to try [independent thought.] … The community of the
left is a community of meaning and is bound by ties that are fundamentally
religious … For the left [politics] is the path to social redemption … it is
about us being on the side of the
angels, and them as the party of the
damned."
After
Horowitz left the left, stripped of elevating ideology, "For the first
time in my conscious life, I was looking at myself in my human nakedness,
without the support of revolutionary hopes, without the faith in a
revolutionary future – without the sense of self-importance conferred by the
role I would play in remaking the world. For the first time in my life I
confronted myself as I really was in the endless march of human coming and
going. I was nothing."
Well,
yes. "What is man, that thou art mindful of him?" asks Psalm 8. And
yet, Judaism counsels each person to feel as if God created the world just for
him. Christianity teaches that "Jesus died for you." Jews' and
Christians' intimate connection with a loving God serves as a shield against
human insignificance. We don't have to save the world. We can't. We participate
with God in nurturing the world, through the acts we are capable of performing
that, feeble though they are, mean much to God.
Horowitz's
powerful words spark compassion in my heart as I think of my latest
unfriending. I posted a brief objection to ubiquitous and constant equations of
Trump's America with Nazi Germany. One of my Facebook contacts called me a liar
– she insisted, astoundingly, that she had seen no such comparisons. I briefly
and politely indicated that I do not interact with those who falsely accuse me
of lying. My Facebook contact responded, at length, in ten different posts. I
read none of them. I responded to none of them. Finally, after three days of
her posting every day, she sent me a private message, over three hundred words
long, accusing me and our "conversation" of exacerbating her health
problems, deepening her depression, causing her to obsess on death, and
"shutting her up." She also sent me a TED talk on empathy, entitled,
"How I Have Conversations with People Who Hate Me."
Applying
the insights provided by Horowitz, we can see that my former Facebook friend
had invested her very identity in her open-borders stance. To encounter someone
who does not share her point of view didn't just irritate her, it devastated
her. Social media panics are not about alleviating suffering. They are about
the universal human urge to use religious ritual to establish identity. They
are serious business indeed.
Quotes
are taken from The Collected Writings of
David Horowitz: The Black Book of the American Left IX: Ruling Ideas. Los Angeles: Second Thoughts Books, 2017: 166,
144.
This piece first appeared at Front Page Magazine, here.
Danusha
Goska is the author of Save Send Delete and Bieganski, the Brute Polak Stereotype. Her book God through Binoculars will be out later this year.
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